The Jungle Essay

The Jungle Throughout Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, the inhumane and disgusting treatment the working men and women was shown to the eyes of the American people. Although what the book is most recognized for is creating the Pure Food and Drug Act, an act that gave consumers protection from dangerous and impure foods, the many various horrors the lower working class had to go through was something that deserved more recognition. Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, gives an insight on how it was nearly impossible for someone of lower class to work and survive in the various big cities in America. The Jungle is about a family from Lithuania who travels to America in hope of a better life. When they first arrive things immediately begin to go downhill. The fist place they stop is a hotel, they stay for a night, but unfortunately are unable to read English and sleep there without knowing there will be a very large fine for their stay. â€Å"The law says that a rate card shall be on the door of a hotel, but it does not say that it shall be in Lithuanian. †(23) The next morning they’re devastated and quickly pay and leave, learning that the people in this country will do anything for a quick buck. Soon they reach their destination, Chicago, and Jurgis and his family began to search for a home, and jobs. They buy a house, but soon find out there is a lot more to the house than what meets the eye, such as interest and the fact that the house is only rented until they can pay it off. After moving in Jurgis begins a job at the meat factory, and it was anything but pleasant. Jurgis’ job is to sweep the entrails and calves from cows into a trapdoor in the floor. Many people are at risk of injury every day, working with sharp knives and there was always almost a foot of blood on the floor. It is disgusting and horrible work, but Jurgis does it with a smile on his face because he thinks â€Å"at least I have a job,† but as the story goes on, Jurgis’ opinion begins to change drastically. Jurgis’ father, Antanas wanted to get a job, and he finally did at the meat factory, as â€Å"A squeedgie man. † â€Å"His job was to go about all day with a long handled mop, swabbing up the floor. †(60) After one day he comes back complaining about how he had to clean out the trapdoors and then shove all the junk in with the rest of the meat! HE also works with chemicals and they are very bad for him. â€Å"†¦he worked in a place where his feet were soaked in chemicals, and it was not long before they had eaten through his new boots. Then sores began to break out on his feet and grew worse and worse. †(76) Soon he dies and the family must prepare a funeral for him, Jurgis can’t even find the time to grieve because he is too busy trying to barter the funeral man for a lower price. It is a horrible loss, and winter just continues to bring more hardships for the family. First, with the horrible and huge quantities of snow, it is almost impossible to do the two mile trek every day to get to their job, but even when they get there the horrible conditions don’t end. â€Å"There was no heat upon the killing beds; the men might exactly as well have worked out of doors all winter†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"On the killing beds you were apt to be covered with blood, and it would freeze solid; if you leaned against a pillar, you would freeze to that, and if you put your hand upon the blade of your knife, you would run a chance of leaving your skin on it. The men would tie up their feet in newspapers and old sacks, and these would be soaked in blood and frozen, and then soaked again, and so on, until by nighttime a man would be walking on great lumps the size of the feet of an elephant. Now and then, when the bosses were not looking, you would see them plunging their feet and ankles into the steaming hot carcass of the steer, or darting across the room to the hot-water jets. The cruelest thing of all was that nearly all of them – all of those who used knives – were unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their hands would grow numb, and then of course there would be accidents. † (80) The men had to work in those horrible conditions day after day until winter was over, but none of them would quit, they needed the money and if they quit or demanded better conditions, there were thousands outside just waiting to take their place. Mister Sinclair shows that even though the working conditions were so dreadful, not one man would stop coming to work. They would rather risk dying in the factories, or dying from frostbite as they trekked through the snow than stop coming to work and allow someone else to take their job, because back then that was suicide. If you didn’t go to work you were allowing your family the possibility of not being able to survive the winter, because it’s just less money to fill more mouths. The horrible hardships the family faces in the winter is merely the beginning of their problems. As the book goes on things seem like they’re looking up, Ona has her baby, which they name Antanas, and the family is working hard to make money. Then Jurgis breaks his ankle and cannot return to work for months. â€Å"in leaping out of the way he turned his ankle. There was a twinge of pain, but Jurgis was used to pain, and did not coddle himself. When he came to walk home, however, he realized that it was hurting him a great deal; and in the morning his ankle was swollen out nearly double its size, and he could not get his foot into his shoe. (114) Jurgis is laid up for a couple weeks and tries to return to work, but in doing this he injures himself more and has to stay out of work for much longer and when he returns there is no job left for him. Jurgis faced many other hardships in his life, such as being put in jail, his wife dying in childbirth and his son dying as well. His story was horrific, but he was unfortunately, not alone. The horrible conditions Jurgis faced and went through were the problems of thousands of men, women and even children all over America in the early 1900s. Upton Sinclair shines a bright light on how horrible the people had it and how the upper class people didn’t even notice or care. The main issue was to generate as much product as they could for as small of a cost as possible. Then people from various countries didn’t know anything about rights and things like they, they just craved any job they could get, no matter how bad. Many of their family members also died from work, or other things like starvation, childbirth or simply like Antanas died; by downing in the rivers of water that flowed through the streets in the spring. Mr. Sinclair did an amazing job giving the people insight on how horrible the conditions really were, although people mainly focused on the disgusting conditions of the meat packing industry. Upton Sinclair definitely focused on how horrible the lower class had it, but his horrific details about what is really put into everyday meat, was quite disturbing and the people must have been more shocked about what they were putting into their mouths, than who was working to do it. The Jungle is a book about hardships, the American dream and the struggle for survival. Jurgis was an example of what almost everyone who came over to America experienced. A lucky few went on to do great things, such as Andrew Carnegie, a man from Scotland who went on to create the largest steel factory in the world, but the latter ended up like Jurgis. Risking it all, and ending up with nearly nothing. Jurgis came over with ten people, and in the end there were five. Half of his family had died, and coping with it was hard, but in the end he decided to buck up, and try and make the best of it. Upton Sinclair allows the human race to reflect on what is really important in life, by showing that there are people in this world who have to go through every day without knowing if they will make enough money to keep themselves and their family alive into tomorrow. He truly captured and chronicled how horrific and devastating the conditions back then really were, and being able to reflect on the things of they past can truly give insight for the future.

St. Joan of Arc biography

Arc is not only widely known all over the world for her trust in God, but for her outrageous bravery. In this heroic story of Saint Joan of Arc, everyone will be inspired for the courage of this young lady, who laid her life down for her faith, and for her country. Born to devout Catholic parents Jacques d'art and Isabella Rome, SST. Joan of Arc was born on January 6, 1412 in the small village of Dormer, France. She was one of five children which lived on a fifty acre farm which was in the north-eastern part of France. In 1412 at the age of twelve, Joan experienced visions when she was alone in field.The angels of Saint Michael the Archangel, Saint Catherine of Alexandria, and Saint Margaret the Virgin, had appeared to her and told her to drive out the English in France. She was very surprised that the angels had appeared to her, a woman, to do such a Job. When she was sixteen years old, she went to see Count Robert De Bureaucratic, who was an army commander in the town of Vacuoles, to get permission to see the royal French court. Count Robert De Bureaucratic did not take her seriously and made a Joke of Joan and her visions. He then sent her home.Along with two other en in January 1429, she returned to have a meeting with the Count to tell him a prediction she had made about an upcoming battle. When Joan was proved right about her prediction, Count Robert De Bureaucratic granted her permission to have a meeting with the Charles VI'. She dressed up as a man and was then escorted along with six other men to Chino. During the private conference with Charles VI', he was very impressed with Joan and her ideas. She also won the favor with Charles' mother- in-law and she was sent on an expedition to Orleans.They thought of her as their only source of light and hope in the hard times of France. After multiple years of the French being humiliated in battle, Joan yet again asked a favor of Charles VI'. She requested for herself to be placed as one of the commanders of t he French army. He granted her request by acknowledging the fact that every single one of his plans and strategies have failed, and there was a need for a new plan. Joan then took control of the army, with her intelligent strategies and tactics, and proceeded to win many battles.With Joan in command, the war was reversed, in favor of the French. She showed outrageous courage and bravery by the many things that she has done in battle. She was also very determined by fighting even after being wounded in the neck by an arrow. The victory of the battle of Orleans was only one of the many battles won. The victory led to the necessity of more offensive action. She then persuaded Charles VII once again, by placing her in co-command of the entire army with Duke John II of Alnico. On May 23, 1430 Joan was captured during an attempted attack and was held a prisoner of war.She was unable to be released by Charles VIII not intervening with he Duke Philip of Burgundy. Charles VII and the French did not try to save her. She tried to escape many times even by Jumping from a seventy foot tower in which she was held in. Later, the English government then bought Joan for ten thousand francs from Duke Philip of Burgundy and put her under trial. While under trial, Joan was mainly accused of being a heretic, sorceress, and adulteress. People have tried to collect testimony against her, but they could not find any evidence.Along with the insufficient evidence, the court violated ecclesiastical law by denying her the right to have a legal advisor. The trial had tried many times to accuse Joan of different laws broken, but her intelligence had proved them wrong. Under certain guidelines, Joan should of been placed in an ecclesiastical prison under the supervision of nuns, but instead, he was held in a secular prison and was guarded by actual solders. In conclusion to her trial, she was condemned and sentenced to burn at stake. On May 30, 1941, only being 19 years old, she was tied to o tall pillar in front of a large crowd.Before being tied, she had asked clergymen to hold a crucifix before her while he would be consumed by the burning fire. Immediately after her body had finished burning, the English had burned her remains once more, so that her bodily remains would only be ashes. Afterwards, they castes her remains into the nearby river called the Seine. About 24 years past Jean's death, the Hundred Years' War had ended. The weak rule of the young King Henry VI ended the war between France and England. Her ultimate goal of bringing Charles VII was successful. In 1452, Jean's case had been put on retrial by Pope Casualties Ill.The main issues f the retrial was to investigate if the original trial had been handled Justly or not. Many different clergymen conducted this investigation, and in June 1456, the court declared her innocent. In conclusion, it wasn't until 1909 when Joan was beatified. On May 16, 1920, she was cannonaded a saint and martyr in the Holy Rom an Catholic Church by Pope Benedict W. Her saint name is now Saint Joan of Arc and is the patron saint of soldiers and France. Also, Many Catholics around the world look up to Saint Joan of Arc as a role model and inspiration. Her feast day is celebrated on May 30th every year.

The Effect of Bad Debt Management in Nigerian Banking Industry and Dissertation

The Effect of Bad Debt Management in Nigerian Banking Industry and Remedies - Dissertation Example 2. Literature Review 10 2.1 Nigerian Banking Industry and its Role in Economic Growth 10 2.2 Deregulation of the Banking System 12 2.3 Credit Risk and its Management Strategies 13 2.4 Impact of Credit Risk 17 CHAPTER THREE 19 3. Research Methodology 19 3.1 Justification of the Methodology 19 3.2 Research Methodologies 20 3.2.1 Qualitative Methodology 20 3.2.2 Quantitative Methodology 21 3.3 Data Collection 21 3.3.1 Primary Data 22 3.3.2 Secondary Data 23 3.4 Sampling 23 3.5 Reliability and Validity 23 3.6 Ethical Considerations 24 References 25 CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction The history of Nigerian banking industry dates back to the year 1892 when the first bank was incorporated by the colonial British Empire (Okezie, Tella, and Akingunola, 2011). The business operation of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) was initiated in the year 1959. The autonomy of CBN was lost to the Federal Government during the period 1968 to 1999. It resulted in Nigeria being surrounded by a loose monetary policy that was implemented by the Federal Government then. In the year 1999, the last of the military regime in Nigeria, gave back the banks legal autonomy in the field of exercising monetary policy and regulatory functions (Central Bank of Nigeria, n.d.). After the independence of Nigeria in 1960 till the beginning of 1980s, the banking industry of the country was mainly dominated by the three banks namely First Bank, Union Bank, and United Bank for Africa. The banking sector was deregulated by the Nigerian government in 1986 which resulted in easement of entry barriers for the new entrantsin the banking industry of Nigeria. As a result of this deregulation, many new banking firms made an entry into the Nigerian banking sector and the number of banks in the country rose to over 100 (Ekpenyong, and Acha, 2011). Many of these new banking firms were poorly managed and weakly capitalised. The regulatory supervision was also quite weak. This resulted in a series of bank failures and turned up to be banking crisis in the year 1990s. At the beginning of 1989, almost 20% of the loan portfolios were adjudged to be non-performing assets. Since the year 2002, the banking industry of Nigeria comprised of 24 commercial banks, 5 development finance institutions, 5 discount houses, 50 class A bureau de change, 598 class B bureau de change, 84 finance companies, 98 primary mortgage institutions, and 914 microfinance institutions (Iwukemjika, n.d.). One of the major concerns for the policy makers is the increasing level of cases of banks in being distress. Hence bad de bt forms an important aspect of the banking industry in Nigeria. 1.1 Background of the Study It is a fact that the banking system is considered to be the engine of growth in any economy. It is so because of its function of financial intermediation. With the help of this function the banks are able to increase their performance, facilitate capital formation, and ultimately help in promoting economic growth (Badun, 2009). However, the ability of the banks to foster economic development and growth depends on the stability, health, and soundness of the system. The shareholders fund constitutes only a small portion of the total liability of the banks. This fact undermines the need for a reliable, viable and strong banking system. Hence, not surprisingly, the banking sector is found to be one of the most regulated sectors in an economy. In a modern economy, one can find clear distinctions between deficit and surplus economics units and also in the process of separation of the mechanism re lated to saving investment. This fact has led to the emergence of financial institutions whose primary responsibility includes

Graphic. Inc. Financial Case Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Graphic. Inc. Financial Case Analysis - Article Example If it is more likely than not that more than 50% of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, this should form the basis for release of the valuation allowance. Graphic, Inc. needs to complete its annual report for filing with the SEC using Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005. In order to do this, there is need to identify the positive and negative evidence to be considered to evaluate the need to record a valuation allowance against the Company's deferred tax assets. Based on the analysis of positive and negative evidence, it would be possible to determine which evidence should have more weight assigned than others; how much valuation allowance, whether full, none or partial, should be recorded at December 31, 2005; and if a full or partial valuation allowance is used, what criteria should be met before the entire valuation allowance is released (Deloitt 2003). Graphic, Inc. has five years of cumulative losses at December 31, 2005. Based on the company's substantial net operating loss carry forward, no income tax provision has been reflected in the 2005 interim income statements. At December 31, 2005, the deferred tax asset was $51,073 after application to reduce 2005 taxable income but before valuation allowance. A company can recognize the tax benefit produced by a carry back of tax losses or credits. According to GAAP, a loss carry back can be applied to the three years preceding the loss (Investopedia 2008). The carry back results in a refund based on events that have already occurred (Kwan-Hyun 1992). On the other hand, carry forwards represent potential tax savings based on past events but certain limitations must be overcome in the future before the company can realize potential benefits. The realization of future benefit is inherently speculative because they cannot be predicted with certainty. The asset is then limited by requiring a valuation allowance if realization is sufficiently in doubt, under the ''more likely than not'' standard (Kwan-Hyun 1992). Positive and negative evidences therefore, need to be considered in judging the likelihood of realizing a tax benefit. For Graphic, Inc. negative evidences include its history of expired tax carry forward, its history of continuous losses for the past decade, as well as the fact that the company operates in a cyclical industry. Positive evidences include the growing success of its new product G-1000 which has generated net income for the last two years and very favorable negotiations with The Sports Magazine for a recurring $20 million annual contract. In the preliminary tax provision for 2005, Graphic, Inc. applied $12,400 to tax loss carry forwards expiring in 2005. $25,000 of capital loss carry forwards and $2,600 of NOL carry forwards expired in 2005. Therefore, the decrease in operating loss carry forwards of $40,000, from $173,700 at December 31, 2004 to $133,700 at December 31, 2005 is comprised of $12,400 of NOLs applied to reduce 2005 taxable income, expiration of $2,600 of NOL carry forwards, and expiration of $25,000 of capital loss carry forwards (Deloitt 2003). The company's evaluation is to determine deferred tax assets for net

American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Dream - Essay Example Although there had been growing aspirations, which are considered the basis of American dream, the term American dream was first used in 1931 by James Truslow. Although many American still contemplate of the American dream, the dream is different for everyone. The dreams of the Americans are very divergent and some are not even associated with the initial American dream. The American dream was meant to provide success, happiness, and freedom for all. The above would result from availability of equal opportunities for all Americans to achieve their goals based on their ability but not diversity. However, some have not achieved any of this. Initially, most Americans interpreted the American dream as the ability to possess excessive wealth in terms of motorcar and extraordinary wages. In 1963, Martin Luther King Jnr, gave his opinion regarding the American dream. In his dream, Luther envisioned an America that was free from any form of discrimination. In Luther’s opinion, achievement of American dream would come about when the descendants of slaves would be able to live together with the posterities of the slave masters. In Luther’s opinion, American dream was a concept in which justice will reign over racism and oppression. Equal opportunity meant a justice system where people will be judged by their character and not their skin color or nationality. In this concept, the American dream is far from being achieved. Years after the launching of the American groups, several individuals are still struggling as they attempt to convince the American authorities that they are Americans. Although some aspects of the American dream have been achieved, much of the dream is long dead. In other worlds, some aspects of the dream are still a dream that has not been achieved. The American dream is only alive in the minds of people. For people like Sami Al-Arian, who suffer because of their ethnic identity, the American dream is dead. The American dream was supposed to bring justice to all. However, people Like Sami Al-Arian, face charges for crimes they did not commit because of their religious beliefs and country of origin. The American dream envisioned an America where all people were free to enjoy their freedom irrespective of their nationalities. However, people from certain regions of the world or certain religious beliefs are treated with impartiality. They have to keep attesting that they are not terrorists (Al-Arian, 2012) The dream of an America with racial equality is no longer living. Impartiality towards minority groups remains high. The opportunities to share i n the American

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 135

Discussion - Essay Example After researching, I realized that the Americans maintain direct eye contact, which is considered as an indication of honesty and confidence. According to the Asians, direct eye contact is considered rude and aggressive. The assumption that similarities exist in both our cultures was a huge mistake. Nonverbal signs are often misinterpreted leading to miscommunication. Rather than taking offense, that my friend seemed dishonest, confronting him on the issue would have solved the problem. The tendency of concluding that he was dishonest was not wise instead of taking time to understand him (Samovar and Porter 118). In conclusion, intercultural communication can bring up a conflict because of misunderstanding of information. Schools should teach about the different cultures to avoid instances of misinterpretation of nonverbal communication such as postures, gestures, and other body language. Every culture’s beliefs and values should be

The iPhone Phenomenon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The iPhone Phenomenon - Research Paper Example This product continues to best itself. These are some factors that make this a remarkable product to not only invest in but endorse for the future. Corresponding Benefits Professionals Ability to keep in touch while on the move Document information while on the move with note taker and recorders Communicating by E-mail, instant messaging, and phone Students Style and individuality through the looks of the phone Complete many tasks without carrying several gadgets Keeps them connected to music, entertainment as well as organize your time with your own personal assistant. It’saniPod, phone, video; TV shows internet, and PDA Personal Better and faster connection to internet. Mobil Navigation Mobil Social connections; Facebook, Twitter, etc. Great multifunctional cameras; HD video and photo cameras. Marketing miX Product: The product has following features 4 inch large screen. High definition camera. iOS 6. Unintentional damage security. Hardware repair coverage. Weight is 112 gm only. LTE wireless technology, A6 chip. Price: Skimming pricing strategy. Premium pricing strategy. The pricing strategy of iPhone 5 by Apple Inc includes the flexibility to lower the prices if consumer response dictates such actions. Place: Apple places the iPhone 5 in worldwide stores by online stores, retails stores, direct sales and through third parties. Apple has divided its global market for iPhone 5 in too many different divisions includes: South America, North America, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Japan. Apple has more than 350 stores in thirteen countries worldwide. Promotion: In promoting iPhone 5, Apple has focused on offering innovative features and services to gain the customer loyalty. Apple has marketed iPhone 5 with the emotional and rational appeal. It connected iPhone 5 in the advertisements with people life style, imagination, innovation, passion, liberation dreams and ambitions. Environmental scan: (PESTC) Political: Apple’s iPhone 5 is selling all ove r the world so it is facing several issues that are beyond the company control i.e. political uncertainties, war against terrorism and sanctions on different countries. Political instability is affecting badly on the sales of iPhone 5 in different parts of the world. Economical: The inflation in different economies has influenced the sales of iPhone 5.Last year the high unemployment rate in USA and Europe may have affected sales of Apple products. However at the same time the economy was boosted by the sale of the iPhone. It sold over 5 million since its launch. It was predicted in 2012 that the economy would be boosted by .05 in 4th quarter. (Rush, Dominic, theguardian.com; 2012) Social: European countries and some parts of Canada which are large markets of Apple products are actually facing some health concerns because of the excessive use of iPhone 5 by the users. It is reported that improper use of Apple products may lead to hearing power of users. Technological: The advancement s and revolutions in technology are inventing day by day. It is the biggest challenge for Apple to maintain its competitive advantage of innovation. Every year there is the â€Å"next big thing,† (Android), that comes out and each year they look to not only the competitors but also themselves. Even Now there is talk of the newest iPhone (iPhone 5s) being announced in September. This one is not only technically advanced with the new operating system, but it is also going to be affordable phones available. (Stern, Joanna; ABC News, August 11) Competition: The main two

Do you agree that Realism has got the big things right' Essay

Do you agree that Realism has got the big things right' - Essay Example This essay argues that realism has helped in setting the big things right within the international arena. Realism is a school of thought that derives the concept of things as they are, regardless on the way people may want them to be, with a tendency to be practical and more pragmatic. This idea juxtaposes with the idea of idealism which refers to the conception of things as they should be and the way people would want them to be. In the international relations theory, there has evolved a big controversy on which concept best describes how nations relate and how conflict among international states can be resolved. The concept of classical political realism evolved in the early 431 BC during war between Sparta and Athens (Monten, 2006). When Thucydides witnessed this war, he made a historical analysis of the war defying the popular belief of Gods during this period. He argued that war can be analysed by considering the facts of the war, hence defying the idealistic approach that the people used at this time. In this period, people had an idealistic mentality and they believed in gods and that everything happened as it should be. Thucydides pointed out that history should be analysed from an objective perspective bearing in mind that nations are monarchs that are always seeking for economic and political power. He stated that it was only practical that the strong nations should always rule the weaker nations. Political realism has three important tenets that apply within the international relations theory. First, realism describes the concept of ‘statism’ and describes states as the major role players in international politics. Unlike the liberalism theories that consider the role of non-states sectors within the international politics, realism theory is state-centric. Another important concept of realism is that international politics is a tag of war as anarchic states

Education In Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education In Texas - Essay Example However, due to the enforcement of accountability system has successfully created various educational changes in the state. As a result, a clear improvement has been observed in high-poverty schools with a gradual increase in students’ academic achievements. The paper critically analyzes different reforms and evolution of public education in Texas over the years in a detailed manner, which was implemented to meet the needs of state’s diverse population. These educational reforms revolve around the improvement of the State’s educational goals, to promote accountability in order to attain achievements by the students and to improve the efficiency of public schools. Background of Public School Education in Texas: Education in Texas holds an eminent position. People in Texas are highly concerned about the education of their children. The Texas Declaration of Independence (1836) has pointed out the many errors committed by the Mexican government in establishing a uniform educational policy within the state. For the first time in 1840, the very first Anglo-American public school law was enforced in Texas which was aimed to support public school in each county. Soon after the law was passed, another step was taken by the state government in 1845. In the state constitution of 1845, it has been mentioned that the state government would give away one-tenth of the annual state tax revenue in the support and development of the public schools. During the same year, another school law was enforced by the state government. ... Public education in Texas has remained in continuous evolution. It faced another change after the Civil war and Reconstruction, when the new constitution of the new state in 1876, granted 45 million acres of public land in the support of public schools and passed the instructions that the revenue generated from the new Permanent School Fund would be put in bonds. However, again in 1884, the law for public school was rewritten. Many amendments were made in the Permanent School Funds Program (Source: TEA). The Current Situation of Public School Education in Texas: Recently, different laws have been introduced in the state which gave liberty to all and every city and town to develop and administer their own schools. As a result, different independent schools in various districts have been established. During 1900, there were 526 districts in which the high schools were given the primary status in public school education. But recently, it has been estimated that there are around 1039 ind ependent schools in Texas State. In 1911, another law was passed for the betterment and development of the rural high school education. This law revolved around giving support to the teachers by the state in their salaries and expansion of rural schools in the districts (Gene Preuss). With the passage of time, a remarkable improvement in the education was observed. However in late 1939, the first-term Texan Governor W. Lee O’ Daniel highlighted many problems that were faced by the public schools especially in rural areas. He termed those problems as, â€Å"inequalities of opportunities in public school system (Gene Preuss).† According to his studies and research, rural schools were faced with